(Fuel Cell) technology and impressive in the world of cars (search Tqnicy )...... ~ sciences-howitsmade

Introduction: -

Cars, we can not deny it's one of the most important inventions in human history where it According to the latest statistics more prevalent methods of transport in the whole world.

As we know the car did not invent the one-time or on a particular world, but is passed through stages of development of longitudinal over two centuries to reach this figure, which we use Haleao so far and I am still in constant evolution and expressed to improve and develop.

The aim of modern scientific research, which seeks to develop the car towards a single goal is to increase the capacity or improve the car this is not the only form in the first place, while the main concern now is to reduce pollution and harmful emissions coming out of the engine.

Today will be talking about new technology and a very, in my opinion will make a revolution in the world of cars if they have already started this coup, a means clean and energy efficient it is fuel cells.

History of the development of fuel cells: -

Can say that it was the invention of fuel cell technology and the Shaman by Sir William Grove Welshman Sir WilliamGrove in 1839 as the invention of the battery voltage gas gas voltaic battery is the one who gave the scientists then Tfnah the principles of the fuel cell.

The idea of simple battery Grove is the basis of the emergence of fuel cell technology, but this name does not appear physically, but in 1889, by Charles Wenger Charles Langer and Ludwig Mondz Ludwig Mond's where they first tried to industry's first cell and the actual fuel.

In 1960, used NASA NASA - national aeronautics and space administration technology of fuel cells practical for generating electricity and running a car space a small spacecraft and then under development in fuel cells continues in the seventies until the early eighties when it began to enter the auto industry - and this is what concerns us in topic - fuel cells and remained in the testing phase and develop until the mid-nineties and reached a stage that it could be used in cars as the increased size and efficiency are well and in the next few lines I will explain how fuel cells work developed in detail, God willing.

What are fuel cells?: -

Is simply a device for converting chemical energy to electrical energy as the fuel cell works to convert hydrogen and oxygen into water, and through this interaction produces an electrical utilized it.

We can metaphorically say that fuel cells are similar to the battery as it generates electrical energy from chemical reactions, but the difference here that have a battery lifespan while the fuel cell where it is not final as long as it enters the hydrogen and oxygen out electrical current. And fuel cells compete strongly many other sources of electricity generation such as gas turbines and gas turbine power plants mega city's power plant so it's competing small battery that could use them in the operation of laptop LapTop. The main reason for the superiority of fuel cells for the rest of the sources of power mentioned above is to increase efficiency as the most severe of these sources using fuel burning for energy, increasing the pollution and the resulting energy is not a force that may produce the fuel cell. Types of fuel cells: - Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) It is considered one of the best types of fuel cells and the smallest in size for energy resulting from them. In this type of membrane used polymer in the solid state and this reduces the reaction temperature and increase the efficiency and faster in the start and the response. This type of fuel cells is the most prevalent in the world as it is used in the fields of cars to the small size. Alkaline: - Alalcalayn used in this type of fuel cells, but the main problem of this type despite the strength of the current output is that it requires pure hydrogen and pure oxygen quite well to begin this type of interaction and is one of the oldest types where invented in 1960 Phosphoric Acid: - This type is not used in industry because of the large size and increase the reaction temperature strongly Alalktrulad eat and sometimes because of the heat. Molten Carbonate: - This type of fuel cells more complex as it requires high temperature to start the interaction in addition to its great size and is used in power plants Solid Oxide: - It also requires high heat to start, but the interaction is characterized by lack of oxygen and hydrogen used to generate the same amount of energy compared to other types. From this we see that the first type is one that concerns us in this report and this is where he was the type used in cars and I will speak the following lines in the curse, God willing, I will explain in detail how it works and its features to that he was interested in this topic.

Proton Exchange Membrane

· Anode
· Cathode
· Proton Exchange Membrance
· Catalyst

And simply adopt the idea of his work on the movement of hydrogen atoms from the anode to the anode-cathode atoms of oxygen in the cathode and their interaction with passing an electric current is generated and the reaction product is water, and the following equations describes the work: -

Anode side:
2H2 => 4H+ + 4e-

Cathode side:
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O

Net reaction:
2H2 + O2 => 2H2O

Minute detail the method of work:

Anode side: Be paid to the cathode and oxygen passes through the catalyst, which catalyst is splitting an atom of oxygen to the Ionians Salpin O-

Cathode side:
As you can see is compressed and pay atoms of hydrogen to the fuel cell in terms of anode - the anode - and when entering the compressed hydrogen to a Calcined first pass through the catalyst catalyst and the catalyst is splitting of the hydrogen atom H2 to the ions of hydrogen, the positive H +, H + and results from this fission two electrons e-.

These electrons are the cause for generating electricity and then complete the circuit path where the rush of positive hydrogen ions on the negatively charged ions of oxygen to unite together and be water as the previous equations.

He graduated from the single cell fuel cells almost 0.7 volts and is connected to more than one cell in a row to get the required voltage value.

And reflect the main problem in this type, which hampered without entering in the field of cars for a long time is that, to generate energy from it we need oxygen and hydrogen for oxygen, it is easy to get it from the air and available, but the real problem was in the hydrogen as it does not exist except in the upper layers of air and extracted was somewhat difficult, therefore, scientists are looking for another way to generate hydrogen is energy

But in the end reached to the way the process is very effective and is dependent on the conversion of hydrocarbons or alcohols (alcohol fuel) to the hydrogen can be used in fuel cells, and this by a device called a re-writing by the mediator or Alkamiaúy reformer.

But as nothing less than full, as the way out of this high temperature and the outside is pure hydrogen, which reduces the efficiency of fuel cell
The recent research conducted by scientists have now found that he could Alastagadah for hydrogen with natural gas - and that land and methane - propane and methanol as easy access to natural gas easily.

Tangier's more methane gas nominations to be used in modern cars, for easy access and easily cut in it.

Are fuel cells really the best?

Perhaps the question that may come to your mind now is the best fuel cells for use in cars or not? Do you give us the highest efficiency Tholha match for the techniques currently used. This is what we will discuss it in the next lines, God willing.

In order to know whether the fuel cells are already the best, we will first study the efficiency of the car when using fuel cells and efficiency of the car when using traditional heat engine, and also the efficiency of the car when you use the electric motor and then we can determine the best players.
First: - fuel cells and vehicles: -

According to the tests of modern vehicles using fuel cells, found that if we have the use of hydrogen refined completely, it can get the energy efficiency of up to 80%, but as we have explained before that he can not get pure hydrogen easily, especially in the car, so it is used instead of it alcohol fuel or hydrocarbons, but it is pure hydrogen out completely, causing a shortage of efficiency to reach 40 to 30%
About.

This is for the emerging electric power in cars still need to convert this electrical energy to kinetic energy through the motor and the last tests that resulted in almost reach the overall efficiency of the final Li emerging in the form of kinetic energy from the motor up to 32% to 24% approximately.
Second: - heat engines and cars: -

Heat engines are the engines that use fossil fuel - diesel or gasoline - in the generation of thermal energy by burning the fuel and the shift of the energy to kinetic energy. This is the traditional engine used in cars as a whole.

According to tests that have been made on this type of engine to find out the actual efficiency learned from this engine and do not be surprised of it but found in practice that the overall efficiency of this type of engine is very, very low up to 20% only !!!!!!!!!

Do not be surprised of the number, but it is actually where the heat generated by burning fuel in the form of heat lost with exhaust gas from abroad or lose during the cooling cycle in the car and no need for Mufaqad to mention the other in the gearbox and the crown, if any, etc.
Third

: - electric motors and cars: -

Electric motors found in cars for a long time and is based on the idea of having the electric motor traditional battery-powered

And tested on this type of engine and you may be surprised for the second time he has a very high efficiency up 72% overall efficiency of almost
This means that the best species to use and the killer but the disadvantage in this type of need is permanent to the shipping of the batteries and therefore is used as in enclosed spaces such as golf courses and large companies and universities (in developed countries, of course J).

From the above we can judge what system the best and highest efficiency in the use in cars, but it should be noted that the technical standards found that this was the best kind of car, or not
These criteria are: -

1 - Is the car easy to use and scalable for maintenance.
2 - Is the car easy to re-fuel or energy Altdhuad
3 - What is the distance to go before it can be re-powered Altdhuad
4 - How is the speed compared to other vehicles
5 - What amount of environmental pollution caused by

Of course, we can now answer the question ourselves, which is that fuel cell technology and deservedly overtook the techniques currently available.

Fuel cells and used in cars: -
Initially started using fuel cells in large vehicles, especially buses Buses in the large size of the fuel cell in the beginning, but with the small size of the continuous development of fuel cell is so make it suitable for use in small cars..

Has already begun to hydrogen fuel cells type PEM Previous explained in the entry in the automotive world is supposed to replace the cars with conventional engines in the very near future and is expected to begin widespread in cars after 2010 and the cars existing current use methylene As we have said before There are also some companies have developed a special type of fuel can be extracted from hydrogen and companies are still at the moment is trying to develop other ways to extract hydrogen in a better and purer order Tved the efficiency of the fuel cell.

Examples of vehicles using fuel cells at this time: -

Spread in recent cars that use fuel cells and I think most of us have heard about cars running on hydrogen, which are the same cars that fuel cell

I have heard that the former actor and California Governor Arnold Hoaznniger this has been giving it a car Hummer H2 and operating technology and fuel cells as a gift in recognition of his efforts from Hammer Company beautiful (which I do not know explicitly).

This set of pictures of the cars available on the market now and works with fuel cells.